Cpt code for carotid doppler11/17/2023 In clinical medicine, coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease and peripheral vascular disease are common manifestations of CVDs. This has led to further advancement in the existing imaging tools and development of other potential imaging tools like Optical coherence tomography (OCT), photoacoustic tomography (PAT), and infrared (IR) thermography.Ĭardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the medical conditions affecting heart, blood or blood vessels. Over the past few decades, the focus of CAS diagnosis has also shifted from pure stenosis quantification to plaque characterization. However, for the therapeutic intervention, either MRA or CTA is recommended for confirmation, and for added information on intracranial cerebral circulation and aortic arch condition for procedural planning. DUS is usually the initial recommended CAS diagnostic examination. For each of the imaging modalities considered, imaging methodology (principle), critical imaging parameters, and the extent of imaging the vulnerable plaque are discussed. These imaging modalities include duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). In this paper, the technical development of various CAS diagnosis imaging modalities and its impact on the clinical efficacy is thoroughly reviewed. Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) may potentially cause debilitating stroke, and its accurate early detection is therefore important. This not only helps in diagnosing various critical and fatal diseases in the early stages but also contributes to making informed clinical decisions on the follow-up treatment profile. Improvements from one-dimension (1D) to 2D images, and from 2D images to 3D models, have revolutionized the field of imaging. In the past few decades, imaging has been developed to a high level of sophistication.
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